GENERAL
The terms "Greif," "our company," "we," "us" and "our" as used in this discussion refer to Greif, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Our fiscal year begins on November 1 and ends on October 31 of the following year. Any references in this Form 10-Q to the years 2009 or 2008, or to any quarter of those years, relates to the fiscal year or quarter, as the case may be, ending in that year. The discussion and analysis presented below relates to the material changes in financial condition and results of operations for our consolidated balance sheets as of July 31, 2009 and October 31, 2008, and for the consolidated statements of income for the three-month and nine-month periods ended July 31, 2009 and 2008. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements that appear elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2008 (the "2008 Form 10-K"). Readers are encouraged to review the entire 2008 Form 10-K, as it includes information regarding Greif not discussed in this Form 10-Q. This information will assist in your understanding of the discussion of our current period financial results.
All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this Form 10-Q, including without limitation, statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy, budgets, projected costs, goals and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as "may," "will," "expect," "intend," "estimate," "anticipate," "project," "believe," "continue" or "target" or the negative thereof or variations thereon or similar terminology. All forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-Q are based on information currently available to our management. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in forward-looking statements have a reasonable basis, we can give no assurance that these expectations will prove to be correct. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by the statements. For a discussion of the most significant risks and uncertainties that could cause Greif's actual results to differ materially from those projected, see "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A of the 2008 Form 10-K, updated by Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q. All forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-Q are expressly qualified in their entirety by reference to such risk factors. Except to the limited extent required by applicable law, Greif undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

OVERVIEW
We operate in three business segments: Industrial Packaging; Paper Packaging; and Timber.
We are a leading global provider of industrial packaging products, such as steel, fibre and plastic drums, intermediate bulk containers, closure systems for industrial packaging products, transit protection products and polycarbonate water bottles, and services, such as blending, filling and other packaging services, logistics and warehousing. We seek to provide complete packaging solutions to our customers by offering a comprehensive range of products and services on a global basis. We sell our products to customers in industries such as chemicals, paint and pigments, food and beverage, petroleum, industrial coatings, agricultural, pharmaceutical and mineral, among others. In addition, we provide a variety of blending and packaging services, logistics and warehousing to customers in many of these same industries in North America. We sell our containerboard, corrugated sheets, corrugated containers and multiwall bags to customers in North America in industries such as packaging, automotive, food and building products. Our corrugated container products are used to ship such diverse products as home appliances, small machinery, grocery products, building products, automotive components, books and furniture, as well as numerous other applications. Our full line of multiwall bag products is used to ship a wide range of industrial and consumer products, such as seed, fertilizers, chemicals, concrete, flour, sugar, feed, pet foods, popcorn, charcoal and salt, primarily for the agricultural, chemical, building products and food industries.
As of July 31, 2009, we owned approximately 267,150 acres of timber properties in the southeastern United States, which are actively managed, and approximately 27,400 acres of timber properties in Canada. Our timber management is focused on the active harvesting and regeneration of our timber properties to achieve sustainable long-term yields on our timberland. While timber sales are subject to fluctuations, we seek to maintain a consistent cutting schedule, within the limits of available merchantable acreage of timber, market and weather conditions. We also sell, from time to time, timberland and special use land, which consists of surplus land, higher and better use ("HBU") land, and development land.
In 2003, we began a transformation to become a leaner, more market-focused, performance-driven company - what we call the "Greif Business System." We believe the Greif Business System has and will continue to generate productivity improvements and achieve permanent cost reductions. The Greif Business System continues to focus on opportunities such as improved labor productivity, material yield and other manufacturing efficiencies, along with further plant consolidations. In addition, as part of the Greif Business System, we have launched a strategic sourcing initiative to more effectively leverage our global spending and lay the foundation for a world-class sourcing and supply chain capability. In response to the current economic slowdown, we have continued to implement incremental and accelerated Greif Business System initiatives and specific contingency actions. These initiatives include continuation of active portfolio management, further administrative excellence activities, a hiring and salary freeze and curtailed discretionary spending.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements, in accordance with these principles, require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our consolidated financial statements.
A summary of our significant accounting policies is included in Note 1 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2008 Form 10-K. We believe that the consistent application of these policies enables us to provide readers of the consolidated financial statements with useful and reliable information about our results of operations and financial condition. The following are the accounting policies that we believe are most important to the portrayal of our results of operations and financial condition and require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments.
Allowance for Accounts Receivable. We evaluate the collectibility of our accounts receivable based on a combination of factors. In circumstances where we are aware of a specific customer's inability to meet its financial obligations to us, we record a specific allowance for bad debts against amounts due to reduce the net recognized receivable to the amount we reasonably believe will be collected. In addition, we recognize allowances for bad debts based on the length of time receivables are past due with allowance percentages, based on our historical experiences, applied on a graduated scale relative to the age of the receivable amounts. If circumstances change (e.g., higher than expected bad debt experience or an unexpected material adverse change in a major customer's ability to meet its financial obligations to us), our estimates of the recoverability of amounts due to us could change by a material amount.

Inventory Reserves. Reserves for slow moving and obsolete inventories are provided based on historical experience and product demand. We continuously evaluate the adequacy of these reserves and make adjustments to these reserves as required.
Net Assets Held for Sale. Net assets held for sale represent land, buildings and land improvements less accumulated depreciation for locations that have been closed. We record net assets held for sale in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards ("SFAS") No. 144, "Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets," at the lower of carrying value or fair value less cost to sell. Fair value is based on the estimated proceeds from the sale of the facility utilizing recent purchase offers, market comparables and/or data obtained from our commercial real estate broker. Our estimate as to fair value is regularly reviewed and subject to changes in the commercial real estate markets and our continuing evaluation as to the facility's acceptable sale price.
Properties, Plants and Equipment. Depreciation on properties, plants and equipment is provided on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of our assets.
We own timber properties in the southeastern United States and in Canada. With respect to our United States timber properties, which consisted of approximately 267,150 acres at July 31, 2009, depletion expense is computed on the basis of cost and the estimated recoverable timber acquired. Our land costs are maintained by tract. Merchantable timber costs are maintained by five product classes, pine sawtimber, pine chip-n-saw, pine pulpwood, hardwood sawtimber and hardwood pulpwood, within a "depletion block," with each depletion block based upon a geographic district or sub district. Currently, we have 10 depletion blocks. These same depletion blocks are used for pre-merchantable timber costs. Each year, we estimate the volume of our merchantable timber for the five product classes by each depletion block. These estimates are based on the current state in the growth cycle and not on quantities to be available in future years. Our estimates do not include costs to be incurred in the future. We then project these volumes to the end of the year. Upon acquisition of a new timberland tract, we record separate amounts for land, merchantable timber and pre-merchantable timber allocated as a percentage of the values being purchased. These acquisition volumes and costs acquired during the year are added to the totals for each product class within the appropriate depletion block(s). The total of the beginning, one-year growth and acquisition volumes are divided by the total undepleted historical cost to arrive at a depletion rate, which is then used for the current year. As timber is sold, we multiply the volumes sold by the depletion rate for the current year to arrive at the depletion cost. Our Canadian timberland, which consisted of approximately 27,400 acres at July 31, 2009, did not have any depletion expense since it is not actively managed at this time.
We believe that the lives and methods of determining depreciation and depletion are reasonable; however, using other lives and methods could provide materially different results.
Restructuring Reserves. Restructuring reserves are determined in accordance with appropriate accounting guidance, including SFAS No. 146, "Accounting for Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities," and Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 100, "Restructuring and Impairment Charges," depending upon the facts and circumstances surrounding the situation. Restructuring reserves are further discussed in Note 7 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-Q.
Pension and Postretirement Benefits. Our actuaries using assumptions about the discount rate, expected return on plan assets, rate of compensation increase and health care cost trend rates determine pension and postretirement benefit expenses. Further discussion of our pension and postretirement benefit plans and related assumptions is contained in Note 17 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-Q. The results would be different using other assumptions.
Income Taxes. We record a tax provision for the anticipated tax consequences of our reported results of operations. In accordance with SFAS No. 109, "Accounting for Income Taxes," the provision for income taxes is computed using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates that apply to taxable income in effect for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized or settled. We record a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is believed more likely than not to be realized. On November 1, 2007, we adopted Financial Interpretation No. ("FIN") 48, "Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes-an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109." Further information may be found in Note 16, to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-Q.
We believe it is more likely than not that forecasted income, including income that may be generated as a result of certain tax planning strategies, together with the tax effects of the deferred tax liabilities, will be sufficient to fully recover the remaining deferred tax assets. In the event that all or part of the net deferred tax assets are determined not to be realizable in the future, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would be charged either to earnings or to goodwill, whichever is appropriate, in the period such determination is made. In addition, the calculation of tax liabilities involves significant judgment in estimating the impact of uncertainties in the application of FIN 48 and other complex tax laws. Resolution of these uncertainties in a manner inconsistent with our expectations could have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results.

Environmental Cleanup Costs. We expense environmental costs related to existing conditions caused by past or current operations and from which no current or future benefit is discernable. Expenditures that extend the life of the related property, or mitigate or prevent future environmental contamination, are capitalized.
Our reserves for environmental liabilities at July 31, 2009 amounted to $33.2 million, which included reserves of $18.2 million related to one of our blending facilities (a reduction of $3.3 million from January 31, 2009 due to expenditures made and a reduction in cost estimates by a third party for its remediation efforts), and $9.7 million related to certain facilities acquired in fiscal year 2007. The remaining reserves were for asserted and unasserted environmental litigation, claims and/or assessments at manufacturing sites and other locations where we believe it is probable the outcome of such matters will be unfavorable to us, but the environmental exposure at any one of those sites was not individually material. Reserves for large environmental exposures are principally based on environmental studies and cost estimates provided by third parties, but also take into account management estimates. Reserves for less significant environmental exposures are principally based on management estimates.
Environmental expenses were insignificant for the nine months ended July 31, 2009 and 2008. Environmental cash expenditures were $0.6 million and $2.6 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively. We anticipate that expenditures for remediation costs at most of the sites will be made over an extended period of time. Given the inherent uncertainties in evaluating environmental exposures, actual costs may vary from those estimated at July 31, 2009. Our exposure to adverse developments with respect to any individual site is not expected to be material. Although environmental remediation could have a material effect on results of operations if a series of adverse developments occur in a particular quarter or fiscal year, we believe that the chance of a series of adverse developments occurring in the same quarter or fiscal year is remote. Future information and developments will require us to continually reassess the expected impact of these environmental matters.
Self-Insurance. We are self-insured for certain of the claims made under our employee medical and dental insurance programs. We had recorded liabilities totaling $3.8 million and $4.1 million of estimated costs related to outstanding claims at July 31, 2009 and October 31, 2008, respectively. These costs include an estimate for expected settlements on pending claims, administrative fees and an estimate for claims incurred but not reported. These estimates are based on our assessment of outstanding claims, historical analysis and current payment trends. We record an estimate for the claims incurred but not reported using an estimated lag period based upon historical information. This lag period assumption has been consistently applied for the periods presented. If the lag period were hypothetically adjusted by a period equal to a half month, the impact on earnings would be approximately $1.0 million. However, we believe the liabilities recorded are adequate based upon current facts and circumstances. We have certain deductibles applied to various insurance policies including general liability, product, auto and workers' compensation. Deductible liabilities are insured primarily through our captive insurance subsidiary. We recorded liabilities totaling $16.8 million and $20.6 million for anticipated costs related to general liability, product, auto and workers' compensation at July 31, 2009 and October 31, 2008, respectively. These costs include an estimate for expected settlements on pending claims, defense costs and an estimate for claims incurred but not reported. These estimates are based on our assessment of outstanding claims, historical analysis, actuarial information and current payment trends.
Contingencies. Various lawsuits, claims and proceedings have been or may be instituted or asserted against us, including those pertaining to environmental, product liability, and safety and health matters. We are continually consulting legal counsel and evaluating requirements to reserve for contingencies in accordance with SFAS No. 5, "Accounting for Contingencies." While the amounts claimed may be substantial, the ultimate liability cannot currently be determined because of the considerable uncertainties that exist. Based on the facts currently available, we believe the disposition of matters that are pending will not have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
Goodwill, Other Intangible Assets and Other Long-Lived Assets. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are no longer amortized, but instead are periodically reviewed for impairment as required by SFAS No. 142, "Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets." The costs of acquired intangible assets determined to have definite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated economic lives of five to 20 years. Our policy is to periodically review other intangible assets subject to amortization and other long-lived assets based upon the evaluation of such factors as the occurrence of a significant adverse event or change in the environment in which the business operates, or if the expected future net cash flows (undiscounted and without interest) would become less than the carrying amount of the asset. An impairment loss would be recorded in the period such determination is made based on the fair value of the related assets.

Other Items. Other items that could have a significant impact on the financial statements include the risks and uncertainties listed in Part I, Item 1A-Risk Factors, of the 2008 Form 10-K, as updated by Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q. Actual results could differ materially using different estimates and assumptions, or if conditions are significantly different in the future.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following comparative information is presented for the three-month and nine-month periods ended July 31, 2009 and 2008. Historically, revenues or earnings may or may not be representative of future operating results due to various economic and other factors.
The non-GAAP financial measure of operating profit, before the impact of restructuring charges, restructuring-related inventory charges and timberland disposals, net, is used throughout the following discussion of our results of operations (although restructuring-related inventory charges are applicable only to the Industrial Packaging segment and timberland disposals, net, are applicable only to the Timber segment). Operating profit, before the impact of restructuring charges, restructuring-related inventory charges and timberland disposals, net, is equal to operating profit plus restructuring charges plus restructuring-related inventory charges less timberland gains plus timberland losses. We use operating profit, before the impact of restructuring charges, restructuring-related inventory charges and timberland disposals, net, because we believe that this measure provides a better indication of our operational performance because it excludes restructuring charges and restructuring-related inventory charges, which are not representative of ongoing operations, and timberland disposals, net, which are volatile from period to period, and it provides a more stable platform on which to compare our historical performance. Third Quarter Results
Overview
Net sales decreased 31 percent (24 percent excluding the impact of foreign currency translation) to $717.6 million in the third quarter of 2009 compared to a record $1,034.1 million in the third quarter of 2008. The $316.5 million decline was due to lower sales in Industrial Packaging ($258.2 million), Paper Packaging ($57.4 million) and Timber ($0.9 million). The 24 percent constant-currency decrease was due to lower sales volumes and lower selling prices due to the pass-through of lower raw material costs.
Operating profit was $70.2 million and $101.3 million in the third quarter of 2009 and 2008, respectively. Operating profit before the impact of restructuring charges, restructuring-related inventory charges and timberland disposals, net, was $81.3 million for the third quarter of 2009 compared to $107.7 million for the third quarter of 2008. The lower operating results for Industrial Packaging ($23.6 million) and Paper Packaging ($5.1 million), as compared to the same period last year, were due to lower sales volumes and lower prices, significantly offset by cost reductions achieved under incremental Greif Business System and accelerated Greif Business System initiatives and specific contingency actions. Timber operating profit improved by $2.3 million as a result of a single special use property sale in the third quarter of 2009.

The following table sets forth the net sales and operating profit for each of our business segments (Dollars in millions):

For the three months ended July 31,                            2009           2008
Net Sales
Industrial Packaging                                         $   594.2      $   852.4
Paper Packaging                                                  120.2          177.6
Timber                                                             3.2            4.1

Total net sales                                              $   717.6      $ 1,034.1

Operating Profit:
Operating profit, before the impact of restructuring
charges, restructuring-related inventory charges and
timberland diposals, net:
Industrial Packaging                                         $    69.3      $    92.9
Paper Packaging                                                    7.7           12.8
Timber                                                             4.3            2.0
Total operating profit before the impact of restructuring
charges, restructuring-related inventory charges and
timberland disposals, net:                                   $    81.3      $   107.7

Restructuring charges:
Industrial Packaging                                         $    10.0      $     4.8
Paper Packaging                                                    0.3            1.8
Timber                                                               -              -
Restructuring charges                                        $    10.3      $     6.6


Restructuring-related inventory charges:
Industrial Packaging                                         $     0.8      $       -
Timberland disposals, net:
Timber                                                       $       -      $     0.2


Operating profit:
Industrial Packaging                                         $    58.5      $    88.1
Paper Packaging                                                    7.4           11.0
Timber                                                             4.3            2.2
Total operating profit                                       $    70.2      $   101.3

Segment Review
Industrial Packaging
Our Industrial Packaging segment offers a comprehensive line of industrial packaging products, such as steel, fibre and plastic drums, intermediate bulk containers, closure systems for industrial packaging products, transit protection products, polycarbonate water bottles, and services, such as blending, filling and other packaging services, logistics and warehousing. The key factors influencing profitability in the Industrial Packaging segment are:
• Selling prices, customer demand and sales volumes;

• Raw material costs, primarily steel, resin and containerboard;

• Energy and transportation costs;

• Benefits from executing the Greif Business System;

• Restructuring charges;

• Contributions from recent acquisitions;

• Divestiture of business units; and

• Impact of foreign currency translation.

In this segment, net sales decreased 30 percent (22 percent excluding the impact of foreign currency translation) to $594.2 million in the third quarter of 2009 from $852.4 million in the third quarter of 2008. The 22 percent constant-currency decrease was due to lower sales volumes and lower selling prices.
Gross profit margin for the Industrial Packaging segment was 20.7 percent in the third quarter of 2009 versus 19.8 percent in the third quarter of 2008 due to lower input costs.
Operating profit was $58.5 million in the third quarter of 2009 compared to operating profit of $88.1 million in the third quarter of 2008. Operating profit before the impact of restructuring charges and restructuring related inventory charges decreased to $69.3 million in the third quarter of 2009 from $92.9 million in the third quarter of 2008. The $23.6 million decrease was due to lower net sales, partially offset by lower raw material costs. Labor, transportation and energy costs were also lower as compared to the same quarter . . .