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MVL > SEC Filings for MVL > Form 10-K on 27-Feb-2009All Recent SEC Filings

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Form 10-K for MARVEL ENTERTAINMENT, INC.


27-Feb-2009

Annual Report


ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes thereto, and the other financial information included elsewhere in this Report.
Set forth below is a discussion of our financial condition and our results of operations for the three fiscal years in the period ended December 31, 2008. Overview
Management Overview of Business Trends
We operate in three integrated and complementary operating segments: Licensing, Publishing and Film Production. During early 2008, we completed our exit from toy manufacturing activities as planned. We also completed a change in the focus of the support that we provide to Hasbro, which resulted in changes to our internal organizational structure and staff reductions. As a result of these events, we no longer have a Toy segment and have altered our internal reporting of segment performance, with the result that we are including revenues earned from Hasbro (associated with toys manufactured and sold by Hasbro) and related expenses (associated with royalties that we owe to third parties, such as movie studios, on our Hasbro revenue) within our Licensing segment. Those revenues and expenses were formerly included in our Toy segment. Our remaining activities related to our terminated toy manufacturing business are included with Corporate overhead in "All Other". We have reclassified prior-period segment information to conform to the current-year presentation. As a result of these changes, segment information for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 has been reclassified as follows:

                                        Year Ended December 31, 2007                           Year Ended December 31, 2006
                              Previously                               As            Previously                               As
                               Reported          Adjustment       Reclassified        Reported          Adjustment       Reclassified
                                                                           (in millions)
Net Sales
Licensing                     $     272.7       $       70.9      $       343.6      $     127.2       $        5.2      $       132.4
Toys                                 87.4              (87.4 )                -            116.1             (116.1 )                -
All Other                               -               16.5               16.5                -              110.9              110.9

Cost of Revenues
Toys                                  8.7               (8.7 )                -             56.4              (56.4 )                -
All Other                               -                8.7                8.7                -               56.4               56.4

Selling, General and
Administrative
Licensing                            75.7               11.6               87.3             49.2                0.7               49.9
Toys                                 20.8              (20.8 )                -             28.0              (28.0 )                -
All Other                            22.0                9.2               31.2             22.7               27.3               50.0

Operating Income(Loss)
Licensing                           196.1               59.4              255.5             77.6                4.5               82.1
Toys                                 54.7              (54.7 )                -             21.1              (21.1 )                -
All Other                           (22.4 )             (4.7 )            (27.1 )          (22.7 )             16.6               (6.1 )


The increased exposure of Marvel characters in movies and television shows can create revenue opportunities for us through increased sales of licensed merchandise. Producing films ourselves provides us with more control of our film projects, gives us greater flexibility to coordinate the timing of licensing programs around Marvel-branded theatrical releases and provides us with the opportunity for a meaningful source of profits. The operations of developing and producing our own theatrical releases are reported in our Film Production segment, the funding for which comes primarily from our $525 million film facility. We intend to self-produce all future films based on our characters that have not already been licensed to third parties.
Our operating results were stronger in 2008 than in 2007, due largely to the 2008 release of our first two self-produced films, Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk. As discussed below, we will not release any self-produced films in 2009 and our only licensed film scheduled for release in 2009 is X-Men Origins:
Wolverine. As a result, we expect our operating results to be lower in 2009 than in 2008 or 2007, when Spider-Man 3 was released. Our next self-produced films, Iron Man 2 and Thor, are scheduled for release in 2010. Licensing
Our Licensing segment is responsible for the licensing, promotion and brand management for all of our characters worldwide. We pursue a strategy, where feasible, of concentrating our licensee relationships with fewer, larger licensees who demonstrate the financial and merchandising capability to manage our portfolio of both classic and movie properties. A key focus is negotiating strong minimum guarantees while keeping royalty rates competitive. Another strategy of the Licensing segment's consumer products program is to create new revenue opportunities by further segmenting our properties to appeal to new demographic profiles. Initiatives such as Marvel Super Hero Squad, Marvel Extreme, Marvel Heroes and Marvel Comics (the retro depiction of our characters) have all helped the licensing business expand beyond its traditional classic and event-driven properties.
Major entertainment events play an important role in driving sales of our licensed products. In 2007, our Licensing segment revenue reflected the benefit of the May 2007 release of the movie Spider-Man 3. The Licensing segment's 2007 initiatives were focused on merchandising our self-produced movies: Iron Man, which was released on May 2, 2008, and The Incredible Hulk, which was released on June 13, 2008. Our 2008 Licensing segment revenue benefited from the release of those movies, but not as significantly as 2007 Licensing segment revenue benefited from the release of Spider-Man 3. We expect that our 2009 Licensing segment revenue will be lower than in 2008 as there will only be one major entertainment event in 2009, X-Men Origins: Wolverine, expected to be domestically released on May 1, 2009 by Twentieth Century Fox. In addition, although we have many licensees that are large companies, the majority of our consumer product licensees are small to medium sized companies, located throughout the world, that rely on access to credit to produce and distribute their products. As a result of world-wide tightening of credit markets, some of our licensees may have difficulties producing and distributing goods. In addition, due to the lessening of consumer demand resulting from the global recessionary environment, some of our licensees may have difficulties obtaining sufficient sales orders. These macro-economic factors (see "Item 1A - Risk Factors") are another reason for our expectation that 2009 Licensing segment revenue will be lower than in 2008. We believe the negative impact of these macro-economic factors on the Licensing segment may be partially mitigated as a result of the non-durable nature of the products sold by most of our licensees and the low prices at which the majority of these products are sold. We typically enter into multi-year merchandise license agreements that specify minimum royalty payments and include a significant down payment upon signing. We recognize license revenue when the earnings process is complete, including, for instance, the determination that the credit-worthiness of the licensee reasonably assures collectibility of any outstanding minimum royalty payments. If the earnings process is complete with respect to all required minimum royalty payments, then we record as revenue the present value of those payments.


The earnings process is not complete if, among other things, we have significant continuing involvement under the license, we have placed restrictions on the licensee's ability to exploit the rights conveyed under the contract or we owe a performance obligation to the licensee. In the case where we have significant continuing involvement or where any restrictions remain on the licensee's rights (e.g., no sales of products based on a specific character allowed until a future date), we recognize revenue as the licensee reports its sales and corresponding royalty obligation to us. Where we have a performance obligation, minimum royalty collections are not recognized until our performance obligation has been satisfied. Minimum payments collected in advance of recognition are recorded as deferred revenue. In any case where we are unable to determine that the licensee is sufficiently creditworthy, we recognize revenue only to the extent of cash collections. When cumulative reported royalties exceed the minimum royalty payments, the excess royalties are recorded as revenue when collected and are referred to as "overages".
As discussed above, beginning in 2008 we are including revenues earned from Hasbro, and related expenses, in our Licensing segment. Publishing
The Publishing segment is focused on strengthening its Super Hero graphic fiction presence in its primary distribution channels such as the direct and mass market, and expanding its reach to a broader demographic by providing all ages and new reader products in the book market and online. In 2008, Marvel launched a major comic book crossover series, Secret Invasion, which involves many of the Marvel characters and features tie-ins to many other Marvel publications, similar to the Civil War series that was a top-selling comic book in 2007. Secret Invasion ran from April through December 2008. The third volume of the Dark Tower series and the first volume of The Stand series were released in October 2008. The momentum of these efforts will take us into and through the Dark Reign and Ultimatum publishing events that will occur in the first half of 2009, which will be supplemented with a variety of Wolverine product to be distributed around the X-Men Origins: Wolverine movie expected to be domestically released on May 1, 2009 by Twentieth Century Fox. We will also see the first collections for The Stand and the Ender's Game series along with the continued publication of the Dark Tower. However, due to the macro-economic factors discussed above, we believe that Publishing segment revenue in 2009 will be lower than in 2008 as consumer spending will be down, retailers look to reduce inventory and advertising budgets remain constrained. The current economic climate may also lead to a reduction in the number of large book retailers and direct-market retailers. Direct-market retailers are generally small business entities, many of which rely on access to credit that may be more difficult to obtain.
The Publishing segment has continued its development and investment in digital media, resulting in increased content on our Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited service, where we currently have over 5,000 previously published Marvel comic books available for viewing online in a proprietary viewer. We have also added more content to our websites, including videos, casual games, news and character biographies. In early 2008, we launched a separate website, www.marvelkids.com, featuring Marvel characters and content developed for children ages 6-11. During 2008, we also expanded our distribution of digital media content through arrangements with third-party websites such as YouTube and iTunes. We expect continued growth and diversification in Marvel Online revenues as we continue to increase our online presence. However, our expectations for online revenue growth, expected in large part to be achieved through increased advertising revenues, have been reduced because of the macro-economic factors discussed above, which have had a negative impact on industry-wide online advertising. For the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, the revenue of our digital media group was $2.5 million, $1.0 million and $0.3 million, respectively, and the expenses of our digital media group were $4.5 million, $1.6 million and $0.1 million, respectively.
Film Production
In 2008, we released our first two self-produced films: Iron Man on May 2 and The Incredible Hulk on June 13. We are currently developing four films for release in 2010 and 2011: Iron Man 2, Thor, The First Avenger: Captain America and The Avengers. The scheduled release dates of those films are, respectively, May 7, 2010, July 16, 2010, May 6, 2011 and July 15, 2011. After the release of each film, we begin to recognize revenue and to amortize our film inventory as described below.


Film Inventory
In general, we are responsible for all of the costs of developing and producing our feature films. The film's distributor is responsible for the out-of-pocket costs, charges and expenses (including contingent compensation and residual costs, to a defined limit) incurred in the distribution, manufacturing, printing and advertising, marketing, publicizing and promotion of the film in all media (referred to in the aggregate as the distributor's costs). The distributor's costs are not included in film inventory.
We account for our film inventory under the guidance provided by AICPA Statement of Position 00-2, "Accounting by Producers or Distributors of Films" ("SOP 00-2"). We capitalize all direct film production costs, such as labor costs, visual effects and set construction. Those capitalized costs, along with capitalized production overhead and capitalized interest costs, appear on our balance sheet as an asset called film inventory. Production overhead includes allocable costs, including cash and stock compensation and benefits, of individuals or departments with exclusive or significant responsibility for the production of films. Capitalization of production overhead and interest costs commences upon completion of the requirements for funding the production under the film facility and ceases upon completion of the production.
We also capitalize the costs of projects in development into film inventory. Those costs consist primarily of script development. In the event that a film does not begin pre-production within three years from the time of the first capitalized transaction, or if an earlier decision is made to abandon the project, all capitalized costs related to these projects are expensed. During 2008 and 2007, $1.7 and $1.3 million, respectively, of film development costs were written off and included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of net income.
Once a film is released, using the individual-film-forecast computation method, the amount of film inventory relating to that film is amortized and included in each period's costs of revenue in the proportion that the film's revenue during the period bears to the film's then-estimated total revenue, net of the distributor's costs, over a period not to exceed ten years (ultimate revenues). Estimates of ultimate revenues for each film are regularly reviewed and revised as necessary based on the latest available information. Reductions in those revenue estimates could result in the write-off, or the acceleration of the amortization, of film inventory in that reporting period; increases in those revenue estimates could result in reduced amortization in that period. As of December 31, 2008, our Film Production segment had film inventory of $181.6 million, primarily for the Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk productions. Film Revenue
The amount of revenue recognized from our films in any given period depends on the timing, accuracy and sufficiency of the information we receive from our distributors.
After remitting to us five percent of the film's gross receipts, the distributor is entitled to retain a fee based upon the film's gross receipts and to recoup all of its costs on a film-by-film basis prior to our receiving any additional share of film receipts. Any of the distributor's costs for a film that are not recouped against receipts for that film are borne by the distributor. Our share of the film's receipts, as described above, is recognized as revenue when reported due to us by the distributor. We received minimum guarantees from local distributors in five territories in connection with the release of Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk. In those territories, we began to recognize revenue when the film was made available for exhibition in theaters.
Revenue from the sale of home video units is recognized when our distributors report as due to us the home video sale proceeds that they have collected from retailers. We provide for future mark-downs and returns of home entertainment product at the time the related revenue is recognized, using estimates. Our estimates are calculated by analyzing a combination of our distributors' historical returns and mark-down practices, our distributors' estimates of returns of our home video units, current economic trends, projections of consumer demand for our home video units and point-of-sale data available from retailers. We periodically review our estimates using the latest information available.


Revenue from both free and pay television licensing agreements is recognized at the time the production is made available for exhibition in those markets. Film Facility
The film facility enables us to independently finance the development and production costs of up to ten feature films, including films that may feature the following Marvel characters, whose theatrical film rights are pledged as collateral to secure the film facility.
• Ant-Man

• Black Panther

• Captain America

• Cloak & Dagger

• Doctor Strange

• Hawkeye

• Iron Man

• Nick Fury

• Power Pack

• Shang-Chi

• The Avengers

• The Incredible Hulk

Also included as collateral for the film facility are the theatrical film rights to many of the supporting characters that would be most closely associated with the featured characters and character families. For example, the theatrical film rights to The Incredible Hulk's girlfriend, Betty Ross, and his nemesis, Abomination, are both pledged as collateral to the film facility. We are currently developing a movie based on the character Thor and expect to obtain the consent of the film facility lenders to finance and produce that film through the film facility, in which case we will pledge the theatrical film rights to Thor and various related characters as additional collateral to secure the film facility.
While theatrical films featuring the characters listed above may be financed and produced by us only through the film facility, we retain all other rights associated with those characters. In addition, we may continue to license our other characters for movie productions by third parties, obtain financing to produce movies based on those other characters ourselves or with others or, with the consent of the film facility lenders, finance and produce films based on those other characters through the film facility.
We fund, from working capital and other sources, the incremental overhead expenses and costs of developing each film to the stage at which the conditions for an initial borrowing for the film are met under the film facility. If the film's initial funding conditions are met under the film facility, we are able to borrow up to 67% of our budgeted production costs including an amount equal to our incremental overhead expenses related to that film, but not exceeding 2% of the film's budget. If the initial funding conditions are not met, we will be unable to borrow these amounts under the film facility. Beginning with our third film, upon meeting the film's initial funding conditions, we will be responsible to immediately fund 33% of that film's budget using our own funds. We recorded interest expense related to the film facility, net of interest capitalized, of $19.0 million, $13.7 million and $12.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Interest charges associated with borrowings to fund the productions were capitalized, rather than expensed, until the completion of production. The productions of Iron Manand The Incredible Hulk were completed in the second quarter of 2008. Starting in the second quarter of 2008, therefore, our interest expense began to increase significantly, as we began to expense, rather than capitalize, interest on the amounts borrowed to fund the Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk productions. In 2008, 2007 and 2006, we capitalized interest costs of $5.1 million, $8.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively and those amounts were included in film inventory.


Our Results of Operations
Year ended December 31, 2008 compared with the year ended December 31, 2007

Net Sales

                                  Years ended December 31,
                                   2008               2007         % Change
                                    (dollars in millions)

             Licensing         $      292.8       $      343.6           (15 %)
             Publishing               125.4              125.7             -
             Film Production          254.6                  -           N/A
             All Other                  3.4               16.5           (79 %)

             Total             $      676.2       $      485.8            39 %




                                          Years ended December 31,
                                          2008                 2007

              Sales Mix by Segment:
              Licensing                         43 %                 71 %
              Publishing                        19 %                 26 %
              Film Production                   38 %                  -
              All Other                          -                    3 %

              Net Sales                        100 %                100 %

Our consolidated net sales of $676.2 million for 2008 were $190.4 million higher than net sales in 2007. The increase primarily reflects the $254.6 million increase in Film Production net sales related to the theatrical releases during 2008 of Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk. This increase was partially offset by a 15% decline in licensing net sales and, within All Other, a decline in sales due to our exit from toy manufacturing operations.
Licensing segment net sales decreased $50.8 million during 2008, reflecting a $64.6 million decrease in Joint Venture revenue (to $57.4 million, primarily overages) related to the May 2007 release of Spider-Man 3 and a $14.8 million decrease in licensing audit claim settlements, resulting from an unusually high amount of settlement revenue in 2007. These decreases were partially offset by increases of $13.0 million and $11.1 million, respectively, in domestic and foreign licensing revenue, excluding the Joint Venture. The increases in domestic and foreign licensing were primarily due to amounts that were previously recorded as deferred revenue until the second quarter of 2008, when most licensees were first permitted to begin selling merchandise relating to Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk, partially offset by a decrease in overages that primarily resulted from increased licensing contract renewal activity. The increase in Film Production revenue and the significant decrease in Joint Venture revenue caused 2008 Licensing segment net sales to decrease as a percentage of consolidated net sales from 71% in 2007 to 43% in 2008.


Net sales from the Publishing segment were consistent from 2007 to 2008 with a decrease of $0.3 million to $125.4 million in 2008. This decrease reflects a $2.2 million reduction in our custom comic book sales due to a decrease in the scale and number of projects, a $1.3 million reduction in advertising revenue, resulting from decreased spending of advertising dollars by larger corporate advertisers and a $0.6 million reduction in sales of trade paperbacks. These reductions were offset by an increase of $0.8 million in our online comic subscription revenue and a $0.7 million increase in our online advertisement sales, both due to the growth of our digital media business in 2008, and by a $2.4 million increase in our comic book sales related to limited-edition comic book series events. Comic book sales in 2008 benefited from strong unit sales of Secret Invasion, a limited-edition comic book series. Comic book sales in 2007 benefited from strong unit sales of the final two comic-book issues of the Civil War series; The Death of Captain America; the Stephen King series, Dark Tower:
The Gunslinger Born; and the World War Hulkseries. Publishing segment net sales decreased as a percentage of consolidated net sales from 26% in 2007 to 19% in 2008, primarily because of film production revenues in 2008.
Net sales from the Film Production segment were $254.6 million in 2008, related to the theatrical releases of Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk. There were no Film Production segment revenues in 2007.
Net sales included in All Other represent our former toy manufacturing operations, which we exited in 2008.
Cost of Revenues

                                           Years ended December 31,
                                        2008                      2007
                                            % of Net                  % of Net
                                             Segment                   Segment
                                Amount        Sales       Amount        Sales
                                             (dollars in millions)

              Licensing         $     -           N/A     $     -           N/A
              Publishing           55.2            44 %      52.2            42 %
              Film Production     135.3            53 %         -           N/A
              All Other             1.0            29 %       8.7            53 %

              Total             $ 191.5            28 %   $  60.9            13 %

Consolidated cost of revenues increased $130.6 million to $191.5 million during 2008 compared with 2007, primarily reflecting the amortization of film inventory in our Film Production segment. This increase was partially offset by the reduction of toy-production costs resulting from our exit from the toy business. Consequently, our consolidated cost of revenues as a percentage of sales increased to 28% during 2008, as compared to 13% in 2007.
Publishing segment cost of revenues for comic book and trade paperback publishing consists of art, editorial, and printing costs. The $3.0 million increase in Publishing segment cost of revenues is primarily associated with the increase in comic titles published (1,128 in 2008 vs. 974 in 2007). Publishing segment cost of revenues as a percentage of Publishing segment net sales increased from 42% in 2007 to 44% in 2008, primarily reflecting the impact of rising costs of talent combined with a reduction in the size of print runs and, to a lesser extent, an increase in paper costs.
Film Production segment cost of revenues during the 2008 period consisted of the amortization of film inventory as revenue was generated from the Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk feature films.
Cost of revenues included in All Other primarily consists of our former toy production activities.


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