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| EK > SEC Filings for EK > Form 10-K on 27-Feb-2009 | All Recent SEC Filings |
27-Feb-2009
Annual Report
The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is intended to help the reader understand the results of operations and financial condition of Kodak for the three years ended December 31, 2008. All references to Notes relate to Notes to the Financial Statements in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
OVERVIEW
Kodak is the world's foremost imaging innovator and generates revenue and profits from the sale of products, technology, solutions and services to consumers, businesses and creative professionals. The Company's portfolio is broad, including image capture and output devices, consumables and systems and solutions for consumer, business, and commercial printing applications. Kodak has three reportable business segments, which are more fully described later in this discussion in "Kodak Operating Model and Reporting Structure." The three business segments are: Consumer Digital Imaging Group ("CDG"), Film, Photofinishing and Entertainment Group ("FPEG") and Graphic Communications Group ("GCG").
During 2008, the Company established the following strategic objectives for the
year:
· Cash generation before dividends
· Growth in revenue from the Consumer Digital Imaging Group and the Graphic Communications Group
· Growth in earnings from operations
All of the Company's key operating metrics noted above were negatively impacted in 2008 by a dramatic decline in demand as a result of the global economic slowdown, which accelerated late in the year. The demand for the Company's consumer products is largely discretionary in nature, and sales and earnings of the Company's consumer businesses are linked to the timing of holidays, vacations, and other leisure or gifting seasons. The fourth quarter of 2008 was marked by weak consumer holiday spending, the impacts of which were significant in the Company's digital camera and devices businesses in the CDG segment. In the GCG segment, tightening credit availability, combined with the weak economy, resulted in a reduction of capital spending, negatively impacting equipment sales as well. In addition, the reduction of global print demand had a negative impact on GCG consumables sales, and increased costs for aluminum impacted gross margins. FPEG was also impacted by the weak economy, which accelerated the decline of Film Capture and Traditional Photofinishing in the fourth quarter, and increased silver and petroleum-based raw material costs impacted gross margins.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
The accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes to consolidated financial statements contain information that is pertinent to management's discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities.
The Company believes that the critical accounting policies and estimates discussed below involve the most complex management judgments due to the sensitivity of the methods and assumptions necessary in determining the related asset, liability, revenue and expense amounts. Specific risks associated with these critical accounting policies are discussed throughout this MD&A, where such policies affect our reported and expected financial results. For a detailed discussion of the application of these and other accounting policies, refer to the Notes to Financial Statements.
REVENUE RECOGNITION
The Company's revenue transactions include sales of the following: products; equipment; software; services; equipment bundled with products and/or services and/or software; integrated solutions, and intellectual property licensing. The Company recognizes revenue when it is realized or realizable and earned. For the sale of multiple-element arrangements whereby equipment is combined with services, including maintenance and training, and other elements, including software and products, the Company allocates to, and recognizes revenue from, the various elements based on their fair value.
At the time revenue is recognized, the Company also records reductions to revenue for customer incentive programs in accordance with the provisions of Emerging Issues Task Force ("EITF") Issue No. 01-09, "Accounting for Consideration Given from a Vendor to a Customer (Including a Reseller of the Vendor's Products)." Such incentive programs include cash and volume discounts, price protection, promotional, cooperative and other advertising allowances and coupons. For those incentives that require the estimation of sales volumes or redemption rates, such as for volume rebates or coupons, the Company uses historical experience and internal and customer data to estimate the sales incentive at the time revenue is recognized. In the event that the actual results of these items differ from the estimates, adjustments to the sales incentive accruals would be recorded.
Incremental direct costs of a customer contract in a transaction that results in the deferral of revenue are deferred and netted against revenue in proportion to the related revenue recognized in each period if: (1) an enforceable contract for the remaining deliverable items exists; and (2) delivery of the remaining items in the arrangement is expected to generate positive margins allowing realization of the deferred costs. Incremental direct costs are defined as costs that vary with and are directly related to the acquisition of a contract, which would not have been incurred but for the acquisition of the contract.
VALUATION OF LONG-LIVED ASSETS, INCLUDING GOODWILL AND PURCHASED INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The Company reviews the carrying value of its long-lived assets, including goodwill and purchased intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable.
The Company tests goodwill for impairment annually (on September 30), or whenever events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount, by initially comparing the fair value of each of the Company's reporting units to their related carrying values (step one). If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the Company must determine the implied fair value of goodwill associated with that reporting unit (step two). The implied fair value of
goodwill is determined by first allocating the fair value of the reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities and then computing the excess of the reporting unit's fair value over the amounts assigned to the assets and liabilities. If the carrying value of goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of goodwill, such excess represents the amount of goodwill impairment charge that must be recognized. The Company's goodwill impairment analysis also includes a comparison of the aggregate estimated fair value of all reporting units to its total market capitalization.
Determining the fair value of a reporting unit involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. The Company estimates the fair value of its reporting units utilizing income and market approaches through the application of discounted cash flow and market comparable methods. Key assumptions used to determine the fair value of each reporting unit as of the Company's fiscal annual testing date (September 30, 2008) were: (a) expected cash flow for the period from 2009 to 2013; and (b) discount rates of 14% to 17.5%, which were based on the Company's best estimates of the after-tax weighted-average cost of capital of each reporting unit. Based upon the results of its September 30, 2008 analysis, no impairment of goodwill was indicated.
As of December 31, 2008, due to the continuing challenging business conditions and the significant decline in its market capitalization during the fourth quarter of 2008, the Company concluded there was an indication of possible impairment. Certain key assumptions used to determine the fair value of each reporting unit as of December 31, 2008 were revised to reflect: (a) significant reductions in future expected cash flows for the period from 2009 to 2013 due to the actual results for the fourth quarter of 2008 and revised forecasts for 2009 and later years; and (b) discount rates of 18.5% to 23.0%, which were based on the Company's best estimates of the after-tax weighted-average cost of capital of each reporting unit, adjusted from September 30, 2008 for our latest assessment of financial risk and the increased risk associated with the Company's future operations. Based on its updated analysis, the Company concluded that there was an impairment of goodwill related to the Graphic Communications Group segment and, thus, recognized a pre-tax non-cash charge of $785 million in the fourth quarter of 2008.
The fair values of reporting units within the Company's CDG and FPEG segments, and one of the two GCG reporting units were greater than their respective carrying values as of December 31, 2008, so no goodwill impairment was recorded for these reporting units. Reasonable changes in the assumptions used to determine these fair values would not have resulted in goodwill impairments in any of these reporting units.
The Company's long-lived assets, other than goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. When evaluating long-lived assets for impairment, the Company compares the carrying value of an asset group to its estimated undiscounted future cash flows. An impairment is indicated if the estimated future cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset group. The impairment is the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the long-lived asset group.
Due to continued operating losses and increased uncertainty of future cash flows because of the economic environment in the fourth quarter of 2008, the Company evaluated the long-lived assets of FPEG's Paper and Output Systems business and GCG's Electrophotographic Solutions business for impairment. No impairment loss was recorded related to either business as a result of this evaluation.
INCOME TAXES
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with SFAS No. 109, "Accounting for Income Taxes" and Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Interpretation No. 48 "Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes" ("FIN 48"). The asset and liability approach underlying SFAS No. 109 requires the recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax basis of the Company's assets and liabilities. FIN 48 prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return, and also provides guidance on various related matters such as derecognition, interest and penalties, and disclosure.
The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce its net deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The Company has considered forecasted earnings, future taxable income, the mix of earnings in the jurisdictions in which the
Company operates and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in determining the need for these valuation allowances. If Kodak were to determine that it would not be able to realize a portion of its net deferred tax assets in the future, for which there is currently no valuation allowance, an adjustment to the net deferred tax assets would be charged to earnings in the period such determination was made. Conversely, if the Company were to make a determination that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets, for which there is currently a valuation allowance, would be realized, the related valuation allowance would be reduced and a benefit to earnings would be recorded.
The Company's effective tax rate considers the impact of undistributed earnings of subsidiary companies outside of the U.S. Deferred taxes have not been provided for the potential remittance of such undistributed earnings, as it is the Company's policy to indefinitely reinvest its retained earnings. However, from time to time and to the extent that the Company can repatriate overseas earnings on essentially a tax-free basis, the Company's foreign subsidiaries will pay dividends to the U.S. Material changes in the Company's working capital and long-term investment requirements could impact the decisions made by management with respect to the level and source of future remittances and, as a result, the Company's effective tax rate.
The Company operates within multiple taxing jurisdictions worldwide and is subject to audit in these jurisdictions. These audits can involve complex issues, which may require an extended period of time for resolution. Although management believes that adequate provisions have been made for such issues, there is the possibility that the ultimate resolution of such issues could have an adverse effect on the earnings of the Company. Conversely, if these issues are resolved favorably in the future, the related provisions would be reduced, thus having a positive impact on earnings.
PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS
Kodak's defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit costs and obligations are dependent on the Company's key assumptions. These assumptions, which are reviewed at least annually by the Company, include the discount rate, long-term expected rate of return on plan assets ("EROA"), salary growth, healthcare cost trend rate and other economic and demographic factors. Actual results that differ from our assumptions are recorded as unrecognized gains and losses and are amortized to earnings over the estimated future service period of the active participants in the plan or, if almost all of a plan's participants are inactive, the average remaining lifetime expectancy of inactive participants, to the extent such total net unrecognized gains and losses exceed 10% of the greater of the plan's projected benefit obligation or the calculated value of plan assets. Significant differences in actual experience or significant changes in future assumptions would affect the Company's pension and other postretirement benefit costs and obligations.
The EROA assumption is based on a combination of formal asset and liability studies that include forward-looking return expectations, given the current asset allocation. The EROA, once set, is applied to the calculated value of plan assets in the determination of the expected return component of the Company's pension income or expense.
SFAS No. 87, "Employers' Accounting for Pensions" ("FAS 87") requires that expected return be calculated using either fair value of plan assets or a calculated value of plan assets. Kodak uses a calculated value that recognizes changes in the fair value of assets over a four-year period. At December 31, 2008, the calculated value of the assets of the major U.S. defined benefit pension plan (the Kodak Retirement Income Plan "KRIP") was approximately $6 billion and the fair value was approximately $5 billion. Asset gains and losses that are not yet reflected in the calculated value of plan assets are not included in amortization of unrecognized gains and losses until they are recognized as a part of the calculated value of plan assets.
The Company reviews its EROA assumption annually. To facilitate this review, every three years, or when market conditions change materially, the Company's larger plans will undertake asset allocation or asset and liability modeling studies. In early 2008, an asset and liability modeling study for the KRIP was completed and resulted in a 9.0% EROA assumption, which is the same rate outcome as concluded by the prior study in 2005. During the fourth quarter of 2008, the Kodak Retirement Income Plan Committee ("KRIPCO," the committee that oversees KRIP) reevaluated certain portfolio positions relative to current market conditions and accordingly approved a change to the portfolio to reduce risk associated with the volatility in the financial markets. The Company has assumed an 8.0% EROA for 2009 for the KRIP based on these changes and the resulting asset allocation at December 31, 2008. It is KRIPCO's intention to
reassess the current asset allocation and complete a new asset and liability study in early 2009. Certain of the Company's other pension plans also adjusted asset positions during the fourth quarter of 2008. EROA assumptions for 2009 for those plans were similarly based on these changes and the resulting asset allocations as of the end of the year.
Generally, the Company bases the discount rate assumption for its significant plans on high quality corporate bond yields in the respective countries as of the measurement date. Specifically, for its U.S. and Canada plans, the Company determines a discount rate using a cash flow model to incorporate the expected timing of benefit payments and a AA-rated corporate bond yield curve. For the Company's U.S. plans, the Citigroup Above Median Pension Discount Curve is used. For the Company's other non-U.S. plans, the discount rates are determined by comparison to published local high quality bond yields or indices considering estimated plan duration and removing any outlying bonds, as warranted.
The salary growth assumptions are determined based on the Company's long-term actual experience and future and near-term outlook. The healthcare cost trend rate assumptions are based on historical cost and payment data, the near-term outlook and an assessment of the likely long-term trends.
The following table illustrates the sensitivity to a change to certain key assumptions used in the calculation of expense for the year ending December 31, 2009 and the projected benefit obligation ("PBO") at December 31, 2008 for the Company's major U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans:
Impact on 2009
Pre-Tax Pension Expense Increase Impact on PBO
(in millions) (Decrease) December 31, 2008 Increase (Decrease)
U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.
Change in assumption:
25 basis point decrease in discount rate $ (2 ) $ 4 $ 102 $ 96
25 basis point increase in discount rate 2 (4 ) (97 ) (91 )
25 basis point decrease in EROA 15 7 N/A N/A
25 basis point increase in EROA (15 ) (7 ) N/A N/A
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Total pension income from continuing operations before special termination benefits, curtailments, and settlements for the major funded and unfunded defined benefit pension plans in the U.S. is expected to decrease from $179 million in 2008 to $108 million in 2009, due primarily to lower expected returns on plan assets for 2009. Pension expense from continuing operations before special termination benefits, curtailments and settlements for the major funded and unfunded non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans is projected to decrease from $27 million in 2008 to $5 million in 2009, which is primarily attributable to lower amortization of actuarial losses.
Additionally, due to changes in plan design, the Company expects the expense, before curtailment and settlement gains and losses of its major other postretirement benefit plans to approximate $48 million in 2009 as compared with $104 million for 2008.
ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITMENTS
Environmental liabilities are accrued based on estimates of known environmental remediation responsibilities. The liabilities include accruals for sites owned or leased by Kodak, sites formerly owned or leased by Kodak, and other third party sites where Kodak was designated as a potentially responsible party ("PRP"). The amounts accrued for such sites are based on these estimates, which are determined using the ASTM Standard E 2137-06, "Standard Guide for Estimating Monetary Costs and Liabilities for Environmental Matters." The overall method includes the use of a probabilistic model that forecasts a range of cost estimates for the remediation required at individual sites. The Company's estimate includes equipment and operating costs for investigations, remediation and long-term monitoring of the sites. Such estimates may be affected by changing determinations of what constitutes an environmental
liability or an acceptable level of remediation. Kodak's estimate of its environmental liabilities may also change if the proposals to regulatory agencies for desired methods and outcomes of remediation are viewed as not acceptable, or additional exposures are identified. The Company has an ongoing monitoring and identification process to assess how activities, with respect to the known exposures, are progressing against the accrued cost estimates, as well as to identify other potential remediation issues that are presently unknown.
Additionally, in many of the countries in which the Company operates, environmental regulations exist that require the Company to handle and dispose of asbestos in a special manner if a building undergoes major renovations or is demolished. The Company records a liability equal to the estimated fair value of its obligation to perform asset retirement activities related to the asbestos, computed using an expected present value technique, when sufficient information exists to calculate the fair value.
RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
For discussion of the adoption and potential impacts of recently issued accounting standards, refer to the "Recently Issued Accounting Standards" section of Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies," in the Notes to Financial Statements.
KODAK OPERATING MODEL AND REPORTING STRUCTURE
For 2008, the Company had three reportable segments: Consumer Digital Imaging Group ("CDG"), Film, Photofinishing and Entertainment Group ("FPEG"), and Graphic Communications Group ("GCG"). Within each of the Company's reportable segments are various components, or Strategic Product Groups ("SPGs"). Throughout the remainder of this document, references to the segments' SPGs are indicated in italics. The balance of the Company's continuing operations, which individually and in the aggregate do not meet the criteria of a reportable segment, are reported in All Other. A description of the segments is as follows:
Consumer Digital Imaging Group Segment ("CDG"): CDG encompasses digital still and video cameras, digital devices such as picture frames, snapshot printers and related media, kiosks and related media, APEX drylab systems which were introduced in the first quarter of 2008, consumer inkjet printing, Kodak Gallery, and imaging sensors. The APEX drylab system provides an alternative to traditional photofinishing processing at retail locations. CDG also includes the licensing activities related to the Company's intellectual property in digital imaging products.
Film, Photofinishing and Entertainment Group Segment ("FPEG"): FPEG encompasses consumer and professional film, one-time-use cameras, graphic arts film, aerial and industrial film, and entertainment imaging products and services. In addition, this segment also includes paper and output systems, and photofinishing services. This segment provides consumers, professionals, cinematographers, and other entertainment imaging customers with film-related products and services and also provides graphic arts film to the graphics industry.
Graphic Communications Group Segment ("GCG"): GCG serves a variety of customers in the creative, in-plant, data center, commercial printing, packaging, newspaper and digital service bureau market segments with a range of software, media and hardware products that provide customers with a variety of solutions for prepress equipment, workflow software, analog and digital printing, and document scanning. Products and related services include workflow software and digital controllers; digital printing, which includes commercial inkjet and electrophotographic products, including equipment, consumables and service; prepress consumables; output devices; and document scanners.
All Other: All Other is composed of Kodak's display business and other small, miscellaneous businesses.
Prior period segment results have been revised to conform to the current period segment reporting structure.
CHANGE IN COST ALLOCATION METHODOLOGY
Effective January 1, 2008, the Company changed its cost allocation methodologies related to employee benefits and corporate expenses. For the year ended December 31, 2007, this change decreased cost of goods sold by $28 million, increased selling, general, and administrative costs by $14 million, and increased research and development costs by $14 million. For the year ended December 31, 2006,
this change decreased cost of goods sold by $37 million, increased selling, general, and administrative costs by $19 million, and increased research and development costs by $18 million.
Prior period segment results have been revised to reflect the changes in cost allocation methodologies outlined above.
The changes in cost allocation methodologies referred to above increased (decreased) segment operating results for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2007 2006
Consumer Digital Imaging Group $ (32 ) $ (54 )
Film, Photofinishing and Entertainment Group 28 75
Graphic Communications Group (23 ) (57 )
All Other 27 36
Consolidated impact $ - $ -
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DETAILED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Net Sales from Continuing Operations by Reportable Segment and All Other (1)
For the Year Ended December 31,
Foreign Currency Foreign Currency
(in millions) 2008 Change Impact 2007 Change Impact 2006
Consumer
Digital
Imaging Group
Inside the
U.S. $ 1,811 -10 % 0 % $ 2,012 +5 % 0 % $ 1,910
Outside the
U.S. 1,277 +3 +3 1,235 +12 +7 1,103
Total Consumer
Digital
Imaging Group 3,088 -5 +1 3,247 +8 +3 3,013
Film,
Photofinishing
and
Entertainment
Group
Inside the
U.S. 835 -21 0 1,054 -23 0 1,366
Outside the
U.S. 2,152 -17 +3 2,578 -11 +4 2,888
Total Film,
Photofinishing
and
Entertainment
Group 2,987 -18 +2 3,632 -15 +3 4,254
Graphic
Communications
. . .
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