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GAIN > SEC Filings for GAIN > Form 10-Q on 4-Nov-2008All Recent SEC Filings

Show all filings for GLADSTONE INVESTMENT CORPORATION\DE | Request a Trial to NEW EDGAR Online Pro

Form 10-Q for GLADSTONE INVESTMENT CORPORATION\DE


4-Nov-2008

Quarterly Report


ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

All statements contained herein, other than historical facts, may constitute "forward-looking statements." These statements may relate to, among other things, future events or our future performance or financial condition. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as "may," "might," "believe," "will," "provided," "anticipate," "future," "could," "growth," "plan," "intend," "expect," "should," "would," "if," "seek," "possible," "potential," "likely" or the negative of such terms or comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date of this Form 10-Q.

The following analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto contained elsewhere in this report and our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2008.

OVERVIEW

We were incorporated under the General Corporation Laws of the State of Delaware on February 18, 2005. We were primarily established for the purpose of investing in subordinated loans, mezzanine debt, preferred stock and warrants to purchase common stock of small and medium-sized companies in connection with buyouts and other recapitalizations. We also invest in senior secured loans, common stock and senior and subordinated syndicated loans. Our investment objective is to generate both current income and capital gains through these debt and equity instruments. We operate as a closed-end, non-diversified management investment company, and have elected to be treated as a business development company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the "Act").

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and revenues and expenses during the period reported. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. We have identified our investment valuation process, which is presented below, as our most critical accounting policy.

Investment Valuation

The most significant estimate inherent in the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements is the valuation of investments and the related amounts of unrealized appreciation and depreciation of investments recorded.

General Valuation Policy: We value our investments in accordance with the requirements of the 1940 Act. As discussed more fully below, we value securities for which market quotations are readily available at their market value. We value all other securities and assets at fair value as determined in good faith by our Board of Directors.

In September 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157-Fair Value Measurements ("SFAS 157"), which, for financial assets, is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007, with early adoption permitted. We adopted SFAS 157 on April 1, 2008. In part, SFAS 157 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about assets and liabilities measured at fair value. The new standard provides a consistent definition of fair value that focuses on exit price in the principal, or most advantageous, market and prioritizes, within a measurement of fair value, the use of market-based inputs over entity-specific inputs. The standard also establishes the following three-level hierarchy for fair value measurements based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date.

† Level 1 -inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets;

† Level 2 -inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 2 inputs are in those markets for which there are few transactions, the prices


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are not current, little public information exists or instances where prices vary substantially over time or among brokered market makers; and

† Level 3 -inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs are those inputs that reflect our own assumptions that market participants would use to price the asset or liability based upon the best available information.

The following table presents the financial instruments carried at fair value as of September 30, 2008, by caption on the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of assets and liabilities for each of the three levels of hierarchy established by SFAS 157:

                                                        As of September 30, 2008
                                                                                    Total Fair Value
                                                                                  Reported in Condensed
                                                                                Consolidated Statement of
                                 Level 1           Level 2        Level 3        Assets and Liabilities
Non-Control/Non-Affiliate
investments                   $            -    $           -    $  115,133    $                   115,133
Control investments                        -                -       157,246                        157,246
Affiliate investments                      -                -        53,877                         53,877
Total investments at fair
value                         $            -    $           -    $  326,256    $                   326,256

Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

The following table provides a roll-forward in the changes in fair value from March 31, 2008 to September 30, 2008, for all investments for which we determine fair value using unobservable (Level 3) factors. When a determination is made to classify a financial instrument within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy, the determination is based upon the significance of the unobservable factors to the overall fair value measurement. However, Level 3 financial instruments typically include, in addition to the unobservable or Level 3 components, observable components (that is, components that are actively quoted and can be validated to external sources). Accordingly, the gains and losses in the table below include changes in fair value due in part to observable factors that are part of the valuation methodology.

Fair value measurements using unobservable data inputs (Level 3)

                                     Non-Control/
                                    Non-Affiliate        Control        Affiliate
                                     Investments       Investments     Investments       Total
Six months ended September 30,
2008:
Fair value at March 31, 2008        $      142,739    $     145,407    $     47,458    $  335,604
Total realized/unrealized losses
(a)                                         (4,941 )          5,973         (11,393 )     (10,361 )
New investments, repayments, and
settlements, net                           (22,665 )          5,866          17,812         1,013
Transfers in (out) of Level 3                    -                -               -             -
Fair value as of September 30,
2008                                $      115,133    $     157,246    $     53,877    $  326,256

Three months ended September 30,
2008:
Fair value at June 30, 2008         $      130,764    $     141,042    $     48,493    $  320,299
Total realized/unrealized losses
(a)                                         (7,689 )         10,840          (5,978 )      (2,827 )
New investments, repayments, and
settlements, net                            (7,942 )          5,364          11,362         8,784
Transfers in (out) of Level 3                    -                -               -             -
Fair value as of September 30,
2008                                $      115,133    $     157,246    $     53,877    $  326,256



(a) Realized/unrealized gains and losses are reported on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations for the six months ended September 30, 2008.


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Investment Valuation Policy

We carry our investments at market value to the extent that market quotations are readily available, and otherwise at fair value, as determined in good faith by our Board of Directors. In determining the fair value of our investments, our Adviser has established an investment valuation policy (the "policy"). The policy has been approved by our Board of Directors and each quarter the Board of Directors reviews whether our Adviser has applied the policy consistently, and votes whether or not to accept the recommended valuation of our investment portfolio.

We use generally accepted valuation techniques to value our portfolio unless we have specific information about the value of an investment to determine otherwise. From time to time we may accept an appraisal of a business in which we hold securities. These appraisals are expensive and occur infrequently but provide a third-party valuation opinion that may differ in results, techniques and scopes used to value our investments. When these specific third-party valuations are engaged or accepted, we would use such appraisals to value the investment we have in that business if we determined that the appraisals were the best estimate of fair value.

The policy, which is summarized below, applies to the following categories of securities:

•         Publicly-traded securities;

•         Securities for which a limited market exists; and

•         Securities for which no market exists.

Valuation Methods:

Publicly-traded securities: We determine the value of publicly-traded securities based on the closing price for the security on the exchange or securities market on which it is listed and primarily traded on the valuation date. To the extent that we own restricted securities that are not freely tradable, but for which a public market otherwise exists, we will use the market value of that security adjusted for any decrease in value resulting from the restrictive feature. We use Level 1 inputs for these types of securities. We did not value any of our investments using Level 1 inputs as of September 30, 2008.

Securities for which a limited market exists: We value securities that are not traded on an established secondary securities market, but for which a limited market for the security exists, such as certain participations in, or assignments of, syndicated loans, at the quoted bid price. Firm bid prices are requested; however, if a firm bid price is unavailable, we base the value of the security upon the indicative bid price offered by the respective originating syndication agent's trading desk, or secondary desk, on or near the valuation date. To the extent that we use the indicative bid price as a basis for valuing the security, our Adviser may take further steps to consider additional information to validate that price in accordance with the policy. We use Level 2 or 3 inputs for these types of securities, as applicable. We did not value any securities using Level 2 inputs during the quarter ended September 30, 2008.

Securities for which no market exists: The valuation methodology for securities for which no market exists falls into three categories: (1) portfolio investments comprised solely of debt securities; (2) portfolio investments in controlled companies comprised of a bundle of securities, which can include debt and equity securities; and (3) portfolio investments in non-controlled companies comprised of a bundle of securities, which can include debt and equity securities. We use Level 3 inputs for these types of securities.

(1) Portfolio investments comprised solely of debt securities:Debt securities that are not publicly traded on an established securities market, or for which a limited market does not exist ("Non-Public Debt Securities"), and that are issued by portfolio companies where we have no equity, or equity-like securities, are fair valued in accordance with the terms of the policy, which utilizes opinions of value submitted to us by Standard & Poor's Securities Evaluations, Inc. ("SPSE").

In the case of Non-Public Debt Securities, we have engaged SPSE to submit opinions of value for our debt securities that are issued by portfolio companies in which we own no equity, or equity-like securities. SPSE's opinions of value are based on the valuations prepared by our portfolio management team as described below. We request that SPSE also evaluate and assign values to success fees (conditional interest included in some loan securities) when we determine that the probability of receiving a success fee on a given loan is above 6-8%, a threshold of significance. SPSE will only evaluate the debt portion of our investments for which we specifically request evaluation, and may decline to make requested evaluations for any reason at its sole discretion. Upon completing our collection of data with respect to the investments (which may include the information described below under "Credit Information," the risk ratings of the loans described below under "Loan Grading and Risk Rating" and the factors described hereunder), this valuation data is forwarded to SPSE for review and analysis. SPSE makes its independent assessment of the data that we have assembled and assesses its independent data to form an opinion as to what they consider to be the market values for the securities. With regard to its work, SPSE has issued the following paragraph:

SPSE provides evaluated price opinions which are reflective of what SPSE believes the bid side of the market would be for each loan after careful review and analysis of descriptive, market and credit information. Each price reflects SPSE's


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best judgment based upon careful examination of a variety of market factors. Because of fluctuation in the market and in other factors beyond its control, SPSE cannot guarantee these evaluations. The evaluations reflect the market prices, or estimates thereof, on the date specified. The prices are based on comparable market prices for similar securities. Market information has been obtained from reputable secondary market sources. Although these sources are considered reliable, SPSE cannot guarantee their accuracy.

SPSE opinions of value of our debt securities that are issued by portfolio companies where we have no equity, or equity-like securities are submitted to our Board of Directors along with our Adviser's supplemental assessment and recommendation regarding valuation of each of these investments. Our Adviser generally accepts the opinion of value given by SPSE, however, in certain limited circumstances, such as when our Adviser may learn new information regarding an investment between the time of submission to SPSE and the date of the Board assessment, our Adviser's conclusions as to value may differ from the opinion of value delivered by SPSE. Our Board of Directors then reviews whether our Adviser has followed its established procedures for determinations of fair value, and votes to accept or reject the recommended valuation of our investment portfolio. Our Adviser and our management recommended, and the Board of Directors voted to accept, the opinions of value delivered by SPSE on the loans in our portfolio as denoted on the Schedule of Investments as of September 30, 2008 included in our accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Because there is a delay between when we close an investment and when the investment can be evaluated by SPSE, new loans are not valued immediately by SPSE; rather, management makes its own determination about the value of these investments in accordance with our valuation policy using the methods described herein.

(2) Portfolio investments in controlled companies comprised of a bundle of investments, which can include debt and equity securities:For our Non-Public Debt Securities and equity or equity-like securities (e.g. preferred equity, equity, or other equity-like securities) that are purchased together as part of a package, where the we have control or could gain control through an option or warrant security, both the debt and equity securities of the portfolio investment would exit in the mergers and acquisition market as the principal market, generally through a sale or recapitalization of the portfolio company. Further, we believe that the in-use premise of value (as defined in SFAS 157), which assumes the debt and equity securities are sold together, is appropriate as this would provide maximum proceeds to the seller. As a result, we will continue to use the enterprise value methodology utilizing a liquidity waterfall approach to determine the fair value of these investments under SFAS 157 if we have the ability to initiate a sale of a portfolio company as of the measurement date. Under this approach, we first calculate the total enterprise value of the issuer by incorporating some or all of the following factors:

•         the issuer's ability to make payments;

•         the earnings of the issuer;

•         recent sales to third parties of similar securities;

•         the comparison to publicly traded securities; and

•         discounted cash flow or other pertinent factors.

In gathering the sales to third parties of similar securities, we may reference industry statistics and use outside experts. Once we have estimated the total enterprise value of the issuer, we subtract the value of all the debt securities of the issuer; which are valued at the contractual principal balance. Fair values of these debt securities are discounted for any shortfall of total enterprise value over the total debt outstanding for the issuer. Once the values for all outstanding senior securities (which include the debt securities) have been subtracted from the total enterprise value of the issuer, the remaining amount, if any, is used to determine the value of the issuer's equity or equity like securities.

(3) Portfolio investments in non-controlled companies comprised of a bundle of investments, which can include debt and equity securities: We value Non-Public Debt Securities that are purchased together with equity and equity-like securities from the same portfolio company, or issuer, for which the we do not control or cannot gain control as of the measurement date, using a hypothetical secondary market as our principal market. In accordance with SFAS 157, we determine the fair value of these debt securities of non-control investments assuming the sale of an individual debt security using the in-exchange premise of value (as defined in SFAS 157). As such, we estimate the fair value of the debt component using estimates of value provided by SPSE and our own assumptions in the absence of market observable data, including synthetic credit ratings, estimated remaining life, current market yield and interest rate spreads of similar securities as of the measurement date. For equity and equity-like securities of investments for which we do not control or cannot gain control as of the measurement date, we value the equity portion based on the total enterprise value of the issuer, which is calculated using a liquidity waterfall approach.

Due to the uncertainty inherent in the valuation process, such estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the values that would have been obtained had a ready market for the securities existed, and the differences could be material. Additionally, changes in the market environment and other events that may occur over the life of the investments may cause the gains or losses ultimately realized on these investments to be different than the valuations currently assigned. There is no


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single standard for determining fair value in good faith, as fair value depends upon circumstances of each individual case. In general, fair value is the amount that we might reasonably expect to receive upon the current sale of the security in an arms-length transaction in the security's principal market.

As of September 30, 2008, the investment portfolio that was valued using third-party valuation opinions was approximately $158.6 million, or 49% of the fair value of the Company's total portfolio investments.

Valuation Considerations: From time to time, depending on certain circumstances, the Adviser may use the following valuation considerations, including but not limited to:

•         the risk rating of the security (see "Loan Grading and Risk Rating");

•         the cost basis and the type of the security;

•         the nature and realizable value of the collateral;

•         the portfolio company's ability to make payments and discounted cash
flow;

•         reports from portfolio company senior management and board meetings;

•         reported values of similar securities of the portfolio company or

comparable companies;

• changes in the economy affecting the portfolio company; and

• other third-party appraisals of the portfolio companies.

Credit Information: Our Adviser monitors a wide variety of key credit statistics that provide information regarding our portfolio companies to help us assess credit quality and portfolio performance. We and our Adviser participate in the periodic board meetings of our portfolio companies in which we hold control and affiliate investments and also require them to provide annual audited and monthly unaudited financial statements. Using these statements and board discussions, our Adviser calculates and evaluates the credit statistics.

Loan Grading and Risk Rating: As part of our valuation procedures above, we risk rate all of our investments in debt securities. For syndicated loans that have been rated by a NRSRO (as defined in Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act), we use the NRSRO's risk rating for such security. For all other debt securities, we use a proprietary risk rating system. Our risk rating system uses a scale of 0 to 10, with 10 being the lowest probability of default. This system is used to estimate the probability of default on debt securities and the probability of loss if there is a default. These types of systems are referred to as risk rating systems and are used by banks and rating agencies. The risk rating system covers both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the business and the securities we hold.

For the debt securities for which we do not use a third-party NRSRO risk rating, we seek to have our risk rating system mirror the risk rating systems of major risk rating organizations, such as those provided by a NRSRO. While we seek to mirror the NRSRO systems, we cannot provide any assurance that our risk rating system will provide the same risk rating as a NRSRO for these securities. The following chart is an estimate of the relationship of our risk rating system to the designations used by two NRSROs as they risk rate debt securities of major companies. Because our system rates debt securities of companies that are unrated by any NRSRO, there can be no assurance that the correlation to the NRSRO set out below is accurate. We believe our risk rating would be significantly higher than a typical NRSRO risk rating because the risk rating of the typical NRSRO is designed for larger businesses. However, our risk rating has been designed to risk rate the securities of smaller businesses that are not rated by a typical NRSRO. Therefore, when we use our risk rating on larger business securities, the risk rating is higher than a typical NRSRO rating. The primary difference between our risk rating and the rating of a typical NRSRO is that our risk rating uses more quantitative determinants and includes qualitative determinants that we believe are not used in the NRSRO rating. It is our understanding that most debt securities of medium-sized companies do not exceed the grade of BBB on a NRSRO scale, so there would be no debt securities in the middle market that would meet the definition of AAA, AA or A. Therefore, our scale begins with the designation 10 as the best risk rating which may be equivalent to a BBB from a NRSRO, however, no assurance can be given that a 10 on our scale is equal to a BBB on a NRSRO scale.

Company's   First   Second
System      NRSRO   NRSRO             Gladstone Investment's Description(a)
>10         Baa2    BBB      Probability of Default (PD) during the next ten years
                             is 4% and the Expected Loss (EL) is 1% or less
10          Baa3    BBB-     PD is 5% and the EL is 1% to 2%
9           Ba1     BB+      PD is 10% and the EL is 2% to 3%
8           Ba2     BB       PD is 16% and the EL is 3% to 4%
7           Ba3     BB-      PD is 17.8% and the EL is 4% to 5%
6           B1      B+       PD is 22% and the EL is 5% to 6.5%
5           B2      B        PD is 25% and the EL is 6.5% to 8%


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4           B3     B-     PD is 27% and the EL is 8% to 10%
3           Caa1   CCC+   PD is 30% and the EL is 10% to 13.3%
2           Caa2   CCC    PD is 35% and the EL is 13.3% to 16.7%
1           Caa3   CC     PD is 65% and the EL is 16.7% to 20%
0           N/a    D      PD is 85% or there is a payment of default and the EL
                          is greater than 20%



(a) The default rates set forth are for a ten year term debt security. If a debt security is less than ten years, then the PD is adjusted to a lower percentage for the shorter period, which may move the security higher on our risk rating scale.

The above scale gives an indication of the probability of default and the magnitude of the loss if there is a default. Our policy is to stop accruing interest on an investment if we determine that interest is no longer collectible. At September 30, 2008 and March 31, 2008, two investments were on . . .

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